Saturday, May 14, 2011

Batman: The TV Series

Holy Boob Tube, Batman! The 1966-68 television series featured actor Adam West as the Caped Crusader, and Burt Ward who donned nylon stockings and fairy boots for his portrayal of the erstwhile sidekick, Robin. The show was noteworthy for its memorable use of onomatopoeia during climactic fight scenes, and while it proved popular to many fans, and transformed Adam West and the rest of the television cast into modern pop culture icons, I still can't wonder what the heck goes on here. Personally, I watched over a dozen episodes (giving it a fair chance to appreciate what everyone else seems to see) and to this day I still think the show is stupid. Stupid might be too harsh of a word. Ridiculous and silly are perhaps a bit more accurate.

Cesar Romero as "The Joker"
However, Batman is perhaps one of the top five most-often bootlegged television programs on DVD. We all know why Fox and Greenway have not put the series out on DVD by this time and frankly, it's their financial loss. Two fantastic movies from Christopher Nolan opened the door to a possibility of cross-promoting. Are the studios listening? Apparently not. And with illegal downloading on the internet, a commercial release today might be hampered by Rapid Share, You Tube and other venues people are using to download the television programs.

Like a lot of motion pictures, radio programs and television programs, the history behind Batman is more fascinating than watching another two-parter with Art Carney as The Archer or Cliff Robertson as Shame. Regardless of what the history books tell us, Batman was not the brain child of William Dozier. The network, ABC, approached William Dozier with the idea. "When they first proposed the series to me, I reacted with complete horror," recalled Dozier. "They somehow had the instinctive feeling at the network that a series based on a comic book character might somehow be a success. I could understand why they wanted to do a program for children, but I couldn't see anything in it to interest me."

The American Broadcasting Company had carefully chosen their property long before they came to veteran TV producer Dozier. They sent a public relations firm all over the country with the names of about 15 comic book heroes. The number one choice was Dick Tracy. Number two was Batman. Superman, naturally, was number three.ABC tried to buy the rights to Dick Tracy, but the rights were not immediately available. So they then turned to the number two choice.

Talent fees for the episode, "A Piece of the Action."
For the first few days after agreeing to do the show, Dozier was baffled by the whole thing. "Then, suddenly," he recalled, "I hit upon this tongue-in-cheek idea -- the so-called 'camp' approach. This seems obvious now, and when I began to see the show in these terms, it began to amuse me. In fact, it began to interest me so much that I found I could enjoy it. Then I felt that older adults could enjoy it, and I found it easy to work on. This was the concept from the beginning and we never shot a foot of film with any other style."

Dozier made arrangements with Lorenzo Semple, a writer he had worked with before. He was at that time living in Torremolinos on the south coast of Spain. After reading a few issues of the comic books, Semple met Dozier at the Ritz Hotel in Madrid. Semple and Dozier composed of the basics and the premise, and by the time Semple moved to the U.S., he had the entire draft completed. The rest of the story, as they say, is history.

The popularity of the colorful villains, and the actors who portrayed them, is perhaps the only endearing charm of the program. As evident in the poll (photo enclosed on the left), Catwoman was the most popular, followed by The Riddler and The Penguin. Oddly, Mr. Freeze and The Minstrel were more popular than The Joker! (Ever notice how Cesar Romero never shaved his mustache off to play the role? White face paint was put right over his upper lip and mustache!)

Production Sheet for The Clock King episode.
One question that continues to plague fans today: why did John Astin play the role of The Riddler, instead of Frank Gorshin, for the episodes "A Riddling Controversy" and "Batman's Anniversary"? According to a letter dated May 9, 1966, from William Dozier to Frank Gorshin, the Hollywood impressionist had acquired new agents, the William Morris office, who insisted that he be paid $5,000 for his role as The Riddler. Dozier would not pay the fee, and turned down the new salary demand. "I had hoped you would be satisfied to reap your financial harvest from the multiplicity of opportunities playing The Riddler has opened up for you, rather than attempt to exact a fatter stipend from Batman," Dozier wrote. "Our budget just can't stand it, as much as we shall dislike having to recruit another Riddler." (Gorshin was nominated for an Emmy for his role as The Riddler at the time, so this may have generated the William Morris insistence that Gorshin be paid more for his services.)

Among the proposed villains for the series was The Ghost, Rita the Ripper, The Corkscrew,The Calendar Man, The Dancer, The Eel (described as a slippery fellow), Lady Macbeth, and Two Face. Believe it or not, there was a teleplay written with Two Face as well as a number of plot proposals. None of them ever faced the camera. Had the series been renewed for a fourth season, Two Face would have almost become a certainty and consulting the production paperwork, it appears Clint Eastwood was slated for the role!

Frank Gorshin as The Riddler
By today's standards, the cost of television production was relatively cheap. The first two episodes of the series, considered the pilot, cost $572,000. Beginning with the second episode, each two-part episode averaged $205,000 each, and the total cost of the first season (all 17 hour shows) was $3,327,000. Situation comedies, reusing the same living room and office sets, cost much more in salary per half-hour episode!

The episode that intrigued me the most was one written by mystery writer Henry Slesar, "The Greatest Mother of Them All," with the beautiful Shelley Winters in the role. Dozier originally wanted Bette Davis to play the role, but she turned him down. The original draft was scripted late March 1966, titled "Mother's Day Madness." Dozier and Howie Horwitz loved the premise, offered suggestions, and Slesar submitted a revised synopsis in mid-April, titled "Mother of Them All." Obviously, it was re-titled before they went into production.

On August 19, 1966, Shelley Winters was disappointed with the production. She was not apparently aware of the format and felt, like Otto Preminger and George Sanders, the program was beneath her. Walking out the door on her way to the Ladies' Room, she slipped in a pool of water. The faucet, it was later determined, was leaking very badly and never repaired. She refused first aid treatment on the set, and was very boisterous in her opinion about the company, the production office and Fox studios. The television production was delayed approximately one half-hour. After Howie Horwitz talked to Shelley Winters, she settled down and decided to return to the set and shoot the remaining three shots she had on the picture. (According to an inter-office memo dated August 12, a week before the "accident," Shelley Winters disapproved of the wardrobe, holding the company up for 40 minutes.) It's no wonder Winters never made a return visit to the set.

Art Linkletter's possible appearance?
The program was extremely popular with children. Not so popular for adults. By the third and final season, Dozier pushed ABC to consider broadcasting the program in a once-a-week, hour-long time slot. ABC executives, proud of the successful format, avoided any consideration to change the program's format. Dozier presented polls and statistics that proved more than 50 percent of the audience preferred the show as an hour-long format. Dozier even referenced Lost in Space as an example. But ABC had statistics of their own: the ratings were slipping and the juvenile audience was now considering programs of a serious nature. Ironically, while the program's ratings were at an all-time low, Hollywood actors begging to be on the program, was at an all-time high. Some of the actors were motivated by their children, who asked their father or mother to try for a part. Joan Bennett and Greer Garson wanted to play a role (neither of them got the chance). Edward G. Robinson and Dick Clark accepted invitations. Celeste Holm called the studio and personally asked to play a role, having recently seen Anne Baxter as a Olga, Queen of the Cossacks/Zelda. Joan Crawford would have made an appearance, had she not been scheduled for Pepsi through the entire month of shooting an episode that Dozier felt she would have been perfect. Agnes Moorehead, Shirley Jones, Nanette Fabray, James Mason, Robert Morley, Rod Steiger and Raymond Massey were also among the list of celebrities who expressed an eagerness to play a special guest villain. Kirk Douglas would have, but had to reject the prospect  because he was venturing to Mexico for a film shoot at the time (and Douglas asked Dozier not to tell his kids because not appearing on the program would have disappointed them).

Censorship
Like NBC and CBS, ABC had their own Department of Broadcast Standards and Practices. The department reviewed each and every shooting script before filming and submitted a list of suggested modifications. This was to limit any possibility of a lawsuit from viewers (or concerned parents). After reviewing a ton of these "reports," some requests are obvious while others are definitely a charmer. In "Hizzonner, The Penguin," the network requested that none of the campaign buttons were identifiable as belonging to any actual organization or party. "Please modify Commissioner Gordon's second line [on page 40] so as not to completely disillusion the youth of this great country of ours," the network requested.

For "The Penguin's Nest," the network requested Bruce Wayne's line, "Good Lord," be replaced with something different. An added caution was to ensure the gun was not actually touching Aunt Harriet's head.

In "Come Back, Shame," ABC requested Shame's "dang" be replaced, theorizing that if he's speaking with a southern drawl, it might be mistaken as "damn." The network also requested that they eliminate the business of dropping the hot rivet down Rip's trousers. At the conclusion of part one, Batman and Robin were to be hung by the neck. The network objected, bold facing the word "UNACCEPTABLE," asking that the death threat come from another source, fearing young children pretending to be Batman and Robin might try to hang themselves in the same manner.

Archival Materials
For fans of the Batman television program, the archival letters, inter-office memos and production sheets from my collection were chosen at random. From time to time I have made copies of certain pages for serious researchers and authors, but my schedule is too hectic to answer every request. Rejects are almost certain. I understand that generating a blog post of this nature will more than likely generate a number of requests for scanned copies of the Batman collection, especially from obsessed fan boys, so please remember that the entire collection spans over 3,000 plus sheets of paper and I have not yet cataloged or filed every sheet of paper under categories so finding anything specific is a needle in a haystack. With this explanation, it is impossible to answer most requests.
 


Batman Meets Godzilla
After the success of the 1966 motion picture, in 1968, Dozier considered doing a sequel, Batman Meets Godzilla. A multi-page plot summary was composed for a feasible screenplay, with Commissioner Gordon and Barbara taking a well-deserved vacation in Tokyo. When the monster rises out of the water, Batman comes to the rescue. It's not known if a screenplay was ever developed, but it seems unlikely that the rights to using Godzilla for the Batman sequel was ever acquired.

According to a June 1966 issue of Hollywood Reporter, William Dozier was contemplating using the title Batman Encounters King Kong for the sequel. Gordon E. Youngman of Youngman, Hungate & Leopold (a law firm representing RKO General, Inc.) notified 20th Century Fox, and William Dozier, that permission would never be granted. According to the letter, the studio was currently negotiating the licensing of King Kong for a motion picture, and informed Fox that any use of the name or character would be an infringement. Dozier responded on June 28, stating "nothing could be further from the truth."

Conception sketch for Batgirl's costume.
Batgirl
For the third season of the program, Yvonne Craig was hired to play the role of Batgirl. Like the 1997 motion-picture, Batman and Robin, the addition of a female crime fighter was eye candy to a fan boy's fantasy. But the series was already doomed -- and perhaps three crime fighters are a bit too much. Dozier admitted in an inter-office memo that while nothing obvious was to be displayed on the screen, romance between Bruce Wayne and Barbara Gordon was going to be shadowed with Batman's concern for Batgirl's safety in the role of a female in peril. To introduce Batgirl to ABC and convince network executives that a female element was needed, a short pilot film was made in 1967. In 1974, a few years after the television program ended, Craig appeared as Batgirl in a film short, a Department of Labor public service announcement, advocating equal pay for women.

Yvonne Craig as Batgirl
January 1968: The Batmobile from the television series briefly became the official Batmobile of the comics (beginning with Detective Comics, issue #371). Twenty-three issues later, Batman abandons the Batmobile for something more modern and faster.

Tim Burton paid homage to the television program in the two Batman movies he directed. In Batman (1989), the Joker destroyed Gotham's art exhibit at the museum, and in Batman Returns (1992), the Penguin ran for mayor -- both of which were plots from the television program.

One positive side to come from the television program: the comic books underwent a drastic change from campy to a more darker, serious tone. In 1969, Dick Grayson (Robin) attended college. Batman moved from Wayne Manor into a penthouse apartment atop the Wayne Foundation building in downtown Gotham City, in order to be closer to Gotham City's crime. Batman spent the 1970s and early 1980s mainly working solo, with occasional team-ups with Robin and/or Batgirl. Batman's adventures also become somewhat darker and more grim during this period, depicting increasingly violent crimes, including the first appearance (since the early Golden Age) of an insane, murderous Joker, and the arrival of Ra's Al Ghul, who made an appearance in Christopher Nolan's Batman Begins (2005).

Cavalcade of America, A History In Pictures

I often consider network radio broadcasts of the 1930s and 1940s as "The Lost Hollywood." regardless of the numerous books written about old time radio broadcasts, very few books centering on Hollywood celebrities have received any kind of similar treatment. I rarely see biographies exploring a celebrity's radio career, which has either gone unnoticed or unexplored. With but few exceptions like Scott Allan Nolan's Boris Karloff book and Stephen Youngkin's Peter Lorre book, which truly documented a superb job of their radio acting credits, it's still disappointing to know that very few authors writing biographies about Hollywood stars are exploring this relatively important aspect of their Hollywood career.

A few books like Art Pierce's superb Lux Radio Theatre have documented programs that are strictly considered a Hollywood production. Stars appeared before the microphone to promote their latest motion pictures, and to reprise their movie roles, by request of the movie studios. My favorite happens to be The Cavalcade of America, which was among the more polished weekly productions -- and what I often use as an example when referring to the "unexplored Hollywood." 

Cavalcade began in 1935 when the Dupont Company began sponsoring the radio program by means of enhancing the company's image and bringing great events of American History to an audience of millions. This weekly program ultimately gained enough prestige to hire Hollywood and Broadway actors to play leading and supporting roles. Basil Rathbone, Claude Rains, Agnes Moorehead, Errol Flynn, Joan Fontaine, Orson Welles, Humphrey Bogart, John McIntire, Richard Widmark, John Lund and Bette Davis were just a few.

In what could be considered a high school project, I wrote a book about the program many years ago. Obviously, since then, I have acquired a wealth of additional material -- including photographs. I am including a number of them for your review.

Agnes Moorehead and Frank Readick
The earliest years (1935 to 1939) were broadcast over CBS. Any photograph with the CBS microphone, such as this one with Agnes Moorehead and Frank Readick, verify this to have originated from the first four seasons.

The program originated from a theater, allowing a live studio audience to watch the performance. Notice the curtain in the background, promoting the sponsor, Dupont. Notice Agnes Moorehead wearing a hat on stage. When I interviewed Raymond Edward Johnson many years ago, he told me that the program had such a prestige that it was a requirement that the cast and crew dress appropriately. Any radio broadcast with a live studio audience followed this rule.

The program went under a number of formats over the years. The first 39 often featured two separate dramas, portraying past and present events that lived up to the program's title. The cavalcade and pioneering of such motifs as bridge building, exploration of medical science, the humanitarian urge, railroad builders, and many others. One has to question the historical accuracy on many of these stories. No evidence has been found that most of them were based on actual news events of the past. More like dramas set in the time period we are familiar with. (The December 25, 1935 broadcast centered on child abuse, a little graphic for a holiday offering.)

Orson Welles
The photo above is Orson Welles. The exact date is unknown, but finding this among the 300 plus Cavalcade of America photos was an important find. When I was a guest on Radio Once More, discussing the Cavalcade program, I theorized that Orson Welles was among the supporting cast during the early years. There's a voice that sounds a lot like him, and Welles had not yet established himself as a name important enough to carry top billing. (The original scripts from 1935 to 1937 did not feature a cast list. However, I hope to check Variety in a couple weeks since they listed, weekly in their paper, the cast for radio programs, but only during the early thirties. Cross your fingers!)

During the summer of 1936 and 1937, the series centered on musical offerings. This allowed Dupont to spend less money during the months people were often on summer vacations. An orchestra or band was the major expense, with little or no actors needed for performances.
 

The photo above is one of many lobby displays Dupont created at their various plants and facilities. This one was from December or January 1940. After an 18 month hiatus, the program returned to the air on a new network, NBC. Here, the program would remain until it went off the air in 1953. Dupont began spending truck loads of cash to promote the series, and when the program gained prestige and momentum, the Hollywood stars flocked in.

For the majority that keep thinking Cavalcade of America was a program about American History, think again. During World War II, patriotic broadcasts dominated the weekly offerings. Carl Sandburg offered a poetic classic, one episode centered on modern-day songs that motivated troops and folks on the homefront, and Bob Hope dramatized a take on the USO tours.

Errol Flynn reprised his screen role for an adaptation of They Died With Their Boots On, three days before the New York City premiere. Fredric March starred in an adaptation of the stage play, Dear Brutus. Arch Oboler and Norman Corwin each contributed an episode, often dealing with fantasy.

June Havoc and Jeffrey Lynn


"The Reluctant Pioneer" (broadcast April 3, 1951), featured the story of the invention of the typewriter, and the development of the famous Remington Model #1. An explanation about photographs from radio broadcasts of the past: The photo above was taken for publicity. It was not uncommon for the sponsor or network to pay a photographer to take multiple photos during rehearsals, for inclusion in newspapers and magazines.
Carl Sandburg and Burgess Meredith

Even photos like the one above with Carl Sandburg and Burgess Meredith (for the episode "Native Land") was not taken during the actual broadcast. It was taken during the rehearsals. In fact, almost every photo you ever see for a radio program was taken during rehearsals. After all, the photographer would have been considered a distraction, and the sponsor would never have risked the exposure of the sound of the camera being picked up over the microphone. The text you see above was taped to the back of the June Havoc photograph. This is referred to as a press release, and often accompanied every photograph. It's also a clear indication that the photo you find is an original and not a "copy." Even the photo of Joel McCrea walking up to the microphone was taken during rehearsals.

Joel McCrea
After 1945, the program slowly reverted back to a weekly biography, highlighting some inventor, pioneer or inspiration for today's luxuries. Many times there was a tie-in to a product manufactured by Dupont.

The highlight of the program by this time was the Hollywood celebrities who flocked to the microphone. Ida Lupino, Robert Young, Henry Fonda, Loretta Young, James Stewart, Basil Rathbone, Thomas Mitchell, Bill Stern, Walter Hampden, Franchot Tone, Claire Trevor and many others. The broadcasts were often timed to the second and when the celebrities "relaxed" for an informal discussion about their personal life or Hollywood career at the conclusion of the broadcasts, these discussions were scripted in advance. For the Joel McCrea photo above, notice the floor mat to soften or cushion the sound as they approach the microphone. 

John Payne
The photo above was taken three days before the January 17, 1949 broadcast, titled "Secret Operation". It told the story of the mysterious operation performed by Dr. John Erdmann on President Grover Cleveland. The story of how this procedure to treat his cancer, prevented a panic. The real 85-year-old Dr. Erdmann appeared on the program after the drama, and this photo has John Payne shaking hands with the real Dr. John Erdmann. 



The photo above is during the rehearsals of "Children of Ol' Man River," broadcast from February 4, 1946. A biograph of the life of Billy Bryant on a Mississippi showboat at the end of an era. Janet Blair and John Hodiak are at the microphone. The old man sitting in the chair at the far right is Francis X. Bushman.

The photo below is a bit unique. John Lund is admiring a leather case holding two transcription discs, a copy of "Break the News" from July 12, 1948. The drama centered on the history of the Associated Press, told on its one hundredth anniversary. Dupont went to the added expense of having a transcription disc produced and presented to every Hollywood actor who made a guest appearance on the program. Dupont themselves retained a set of discs for their own collection.
John Lund


Thanks to the efforts of Neal Ellis of Radio Once More, those Dupont archival discs have been transferred digitally and are being cleaned up for collectors. Considering the fact that these are from the archival masters, Neal, once again, goes to the effort to consult the first-generation source and offer the best quality you can possibly get.

As a fan of Cavalcade, I cannot express in words the enjoyment I am getting from hearing crisp, sharp and superb sound quality. They are definitely the best quality on the market and upgrades from all the copies I have bought from collectors over the past decade. Another plus side I should point out from Neal's efforts: three "lost" episodes were among the collection (now available) and four of the five existing recordings that are not in circulation (stored in an archive) are also available. For an updated list of the lost episodes not known to exist, check out this link

The photograph on the left offers you a glimpse of what a transcription disc looks like. I cannot express the importance of collectors finding the "lost" episodes. More importantly, if you find a transcription disc, don't try to play it on your record player. It won't work on a standard LP record player. You need to send it to someone who has a transcription disc player who can make the proper transfer. Also to be taken into consideration is the necessity to have the recording cleaned up properly using a Cedar system, which eliminates most of the static and surface noise from the recording. For more information about the Cedar system, click this link.

With luck, I'll be able to feature the 300 plus photographs in an updated (revised) book about The Cavalcade of America, due for publishing in 2012. The original 500 page book was published in 1999, so it seems fitting that an updated and more definitive edition be available. If you have any photographs from the series that you think I don't have, feel free to contact me. I'm always on the lookout for high res scans (tif format) related to The Cavalcade of America.

I want to apologize to anyone who finds the watermarks on the photos a distraction. I agree that the use of a watermark degrades the experience. If I had my choice, I would not have done so. But the reason I chose to do it is because I spent a great deal of time and money getting copies of these photos scanned for my up-coming book and two web sites in particular have already established a track record of "lifting" such things off other people's web-sites and worse, claiming they were responsible for originating the photos. Since the photos are presented here for you to look at, you can be assured that preservation methods have been taken to ensure the untouched and unaltered photos remain intact. The watermark is applied only for this blog.

Friday, May 6, 2011

Duffy's Tavern: Year One

Early radio broadcasting required fine-tuning -- and not the kind that came from dial twitching. Case in point: June 26, 1931. NBC presented “The Fearful Seven,” the tale of Merton Moth and his noiseless glider, Michael Mosquito -- brief glimpses into the home lives of Fanny Fly, Frankie Flea, Grand Roach and their friends. The NBC offering was promised to be a comedy, and ensured newspaper columnists that the comedy element would predominate the production. There was nothing funny with the story, and radio, had it not already established itself as a medium of music, news, prayer and commentary, might have been doomed as a result of disastrous broadcasts such as this. If radio audiences wanted authentic laughter from a weekly, half-hour program, what they needed was Ed Gardner. It would not be until ten years later that Duffy’s Tavern would usher in a new form of comedy entertainment.



As the genially sarcastic, ever-hopeful con man Archie -- who never had a last name, even as Duffy himself was never seen -- he defined the cynical second-generation Irishman at the outer fringe of New York’s social order. The program fast developed a following that crossed social, economic and geographical boundaries. Duffy’s Tavern ranked with Fred Allen’s program as broad an appeal as the goofiest slapstick comedies on the air.

Archie was the pivot of the establishment, but he was not alone there. Always on hand were the absent proprietor’s gabby, man-hungry daughter, known simply as Miss Duffy, who spoke in pure Brooklynese, and the waiter Eddie, a shrewd black menial who obeyed with “Yazzuh” but always got the better of his boss in their verbal exchanges. Habitués included Clifton Finnegan (who did not appear on the program until season two), a moron with occasional flashes of brilliance whose every line began with “Duhhh,” and radio veteran Colonel Stoopnagle, the orotund inventor of such useful devices as the 10-foot pole, “for guys who wouldn’t touch with one,” and the gun with two barrels, one to shoot ducks with and the other, which didn’t work, to not shoot other hunters with.

Crackpot O’Toole, forger and poet who wrote mostly bum check and sonnets “in pure cubic centimeter,” was another Duffy’s regular. Not heard but often discussed was Two-Top Gruskin, a two-headed baseball player whose value to his team was that he could watch first and third at the same time. Two-Top (whose real name was Athos and Porthos Gruskin) once went to a masquerade ball as a pair of bookends and won the affections of a pretty girl because he was a tall blond and brunette. “There was just something different about him,” she explained. Officer Clancy made frequent visits, usually threatening to close the place for some petty violation, ever thwarted by Archie’s logical argument: “You can’t close us up. We aint’ got a license.”

Archie wasn’t otherwise so successful with his unceasing efforts to con or exploit his guests. When smooth-talking Slippery McGuire, seeking to beat his bar tab, suggested to Archie how he can make a fortune by patenting electricity, Archie pays him $10 to register the patent. After coughing up another $3 to print stock certificates and $5 more to include DC along with AC, he believes himself the King of Kilowatts, even though Eddie is doubtful (“I always connected you more with natural gas”). The plans falls through when Archie learns that Benjamin Franklin had beaten him to the patent, but Slippery launches him on a new career by informing him that Franklin had carelessly forgotten to take one out on the kite.

The long-running radio program moved production to Puerto Rico in 1949 to take advantage of a tax exemption the island gave to new industries, although the Third Avenue setting remained the same. But the stellar guests who had once regularly visited Duffy’s didn’t care to travel so far for a broadcast, and the program’s ratings fell precipitously.

Duffy’s Tavern was the brain child of Ed Gardner, a former executive for an advertising agency, later responsible for such radio programs as Ripley’s Believe-It-Or-Not and The Joe Penner Show. The radio comedy retained a popularity large enough to spawn a stage play (1948), a major motion picture (1945) and a short-run television program (1952) plus two experimental pilots (1947 and 1949).

The success of Duffy’s Tavern was dependent on the gag writers for the program. The first two seasons consisted of three writers: Mac Benoff, Parke Levy and Abe Burrows. Having read every radio script, this author can verify that the funniest scripts are definitely the earliest broadcasts. But the program was doomed when Burrows and the other writers were unable to create enough scenarios to keep the program fresh. By late 1942, they had already begun recycling their plot devices: Archie tries to sell fake jewelry to Finnegan; Archie writes a pageant about American history; and the plot most often used… Archie entertains Mrs. Cornelia Piddleton (occasionally spelled “Pittleton” depending on which scripts you consult) and her Lord Byron Ladies’ Literary Society and, after losing his guest speaker, attempts to pawn off Finnegan as the celebrated presenter. The program's saving grace began with the third season, when Duffy's Tavern made the move to Hollywood and celebrities began making guest appearances. Archie and the cast were able to poke fun of the celebrities as they did in the first season. (The move to Puerto Rico in 1949 didn't help any, and proved a disaster, ultimately forcing NBC to make the decision to axe the program for good.)

Regardless of what past encyclopedias report, the July 1940 broadcast of Forecast failed to gain the immediate attention of a sponsor. The network, hoping to sell a number of studio-created in-house programs without the need of an advertising agency, made arrangements for every broadcast of Forecast to be transcribed, in case the program could later be sampled by a potential sponsor. It wasn’t until months later that Forecast ultimately helped convince the Magazine Repeating Razor Company to sponsor the program, thanks to the efforts of the J.M. Mathes Advertising Agency (who knew that Magazine wanted to hock their product, Schick Razor, on the radio). In September of 1940, two transcription discs were cut from Forecast and executives at Mathes circulated one recording to potential sponsors, while retaining the duplicate as a master backup.

The initial contract between the sponsor and the network stipulated a 16-week sponsorship from March 1, 1941 to June 14, 1941, which was a bit unusual since most contracts with the network were placed on a 13-week schedule (13 times 4 equals 52). Since it was proven that listenership was at the lowest during what was generally considered vacation time, 13 weeks in the summer were usually dedicated to a different radio program, paid for by the same sponsor, but for a cheaper price.

Digital photo capture of a copyright card from the Library of Congress.
One of many copyright cards for Duffy's Tavern radio scripts.
© 2011, Library of Congress. Photo used with permission.
To attract new listeners, at the suggestion of the network, the first season featured at least one celebrity guest every week. Under the same contract, CBS had the option of approval when choosing the celebrities. Obviously, the network made sure that no celebrity appearing on Duffy’s Tavern would cross-promote a radio program presently heard over a competing network. Celebrities include Parks Johnson and Wally Butterwroth, hosts Vox Pop; Colonel Stoopnagle was the weekly host of Quixie-Doodles; both programs aired over CBS. At the time Paul Lukas, Hildegarde, Milton Berle and Orson Welles were making their guest appearances, they were not presently committed to a radio program on the rival networks. And for the broadcast of June 7, 1941, certainly a major influence by CBS, Ilka Chase, actress and novelist whose radio program, Luncheon at the Waldorf, recently concluded, paid a visit to the tavern. Her appearance on Duffy’s was designed to promote her new radio program, which premiered on June 6. The announcer, John Reed King*, closed the episode with the following mention: “Archie wants me to thank Ilka Chase for coming here tonight and to announce that he will be her guest next Friday night on her new program for Camel Cigarettes… Penthouse Party.”

* Footnote: John Reed King was the first announcer for the series, who welcomed the studio audience by explaining the evening’s proceedings, and performed the commercials. King was also emcee of CBS’ This is the Life and announcer of the Gay Nineties Revue.

The first season also introduced listeners to two regulars: Shirley Booth and Eddie Green. Miss Duffy, the proprietor’s daughter, liked almost every man who walked into the tavern, and she had a friend, Vera, who also liked men. This certainly added a female element to the program, opening the door to jokes about matrimony, romance, dating and other similar topics. “In matrimony you marry an armful and wind up with a roomful,” Archie once quipped. “It takes two to make a marriage -- a single girl and an anxious mother,” Miss Duffy explained. After Miss Duffy explained her cosmetic affairs to Archie, the bar keep turned to Eddie. “What with lipstick on their lips, rouge on their cheeks, mascara on their eyes, polish on their nails, and now paint on their legs, the dames sure take a shellacking.”

Shirley Booth was known primarily as a Broadway actress, who, up to the time Duffy’s Tavern premiered, won critical praise for her role of Ruth Sherwood in the 1940 production of My Sister Eileen. During her tenure on Duffy’s, the first three seasons, she received top billing at the opening of every broadcast, always billed as “the star of My Sister Eileen.” When Booth left the series in 1943, actresses playing the role of Miss Duffy never received such limelight, down-graded to simply name mention like the rest of the cast.

BOOTH: (to Ilka Chase) Your friends are always so classy, ain’t they? They’re all raconteuses, chanteuses, danseuses… it’s a wonder you never bring down any hippopotamotuses.

Eddie Green, who would later find greater fame as Stonewall, the fix-it-all lawyer on Amos n’ Andy, played Eddie the waiter, gripper-extraordinary at Duffy’s, an apprehensive citizen of Harlem, and was in real-life a well-known Negro comedian. He was also in the food business (ironically), and owned a chain of Harlem restaurants for a couple decades. Eddie was the equivalent of Jack Benny’s Rochester -- who often had the best come-back lines for his employer.

ARCHIE: With a dame like Elsa Maxwell coming here you think this tablecloth is high class enough?
EDDIE: Well, I tell you what you can do with it.
ARCHIE: What?
EDDIE: Tear one more hole in the corner and tell her it’s Italian lace.

The listening audience often dismissed reality because orchestras like John Kirby’s did not play in taverns like Duffy’s; and sooner or later it would occur to the listeners as odd that although Archie was a bartender, no one ever seemed to take a drink. But no one noticed it at the time, which said something about one of the most original and consistently entertaining of current programs. With the aid of John Kirby’s famed Negro band, the music somehow fit the Brooklyn Tavern. Kirby was alumnus of Fletcher Henderson, Chick Webb bands, and even started his own in 1937 at New York’s Onyx Club. He was once married to actress Maxine Sullivan.

John Reed Kirby and his orchestra supplied the music for a full calendar year, until General Foods took up sponsorship. Kirby, like most orchestras that performed on the radio, spent a considerable amount of time performing for hotels. During the summer break between seasons, Kirby’s orchestra performed at the Ambassador East Hotel’s Pump Room. When he tenure on Duffy’s Tavern concluded, he returned to the Ambassador for a three-week engagement and then continued with a successful career in music.

In the premiere episode of the series, in an effort to introduce the weekly regulars to the radio audience, very little happens except to establish Miss Duffy and Eddie’s position at the tavern. Duffy wanting Archie to hire Irish tenors for musical accompaniment in the tavern, and visitor Colonel Stoopnagle, having heard the news, tries to get hired for the job.  
STOOPNAGLE: Well, I have one new thing here I’ve just invented.
ARCHIE: What is it Colonel? To me it looks just like a door.
STOOPNAGLE: It is a door. It’s a bathroom door that you don’t have to wait outside of because it opens into a closet.
ARCHIE: Gee, Colonel – you certainly have a furtive mind. I wish you could invent an Irish tenor.
STOOPNAGLE: Why, Archie?
ARCHIE: Well, Duffy says either I get an Irish Tenor or I’m fired.
STOOPNAGLE: My boy, never despair. I, Lemuel Q. Stoopnagle, am an Irish Tenor.
ARCHIE: But Duffy only likes Irish, Irish Tenors.

To prove his worth, Stoopnagle, with the assistance of the John Kirby orchestra, sings “Come Back to Ernie.” Stoopnagle fails to get the job, but his position on Duffy’s Tavern would, ten years later, become more influential than anyone predicted in 1941. Billboard magazine reviewed the series premiere:

Duffy’s Tavern, one of the better program ideas showcased in Columbia’s Forecast series last summer, comes back with Ed Gardner and a sponsor. Gardner, a director of note on other radio programs, plays Archie, a harried bartender in Duffy’s Tavern. Archie is Duffy’s languid man-of-all work and is afflicted with a remarkable Hell’s Kitchen dialect completely devoid of grammar and full of engaging malapropisms. Duffy is a mythical figure, his influence being indirect but very substantial. His presence becomes known when he telephones Archie to squawk about the music and demand an Irish tenor. These conversations are one-way affairs. Archie answers to Duffy explaining everything. Program did not score as well as the original Forecast show, but was plenty good. Everything will depend upon script and how consistently Gardner can perform. Session as it stands is certainly a novel comedy set-up. Band is John Kirby’s, a restrained tho swingy orchestra. Series’ first guest was Colonel Stoopnagle, strictly terrific in a lunatic impersonation of an Irish tenor. Some of the plugs for Schick Razor were cleverly worked into the script.”

SEASON ONE
 March 1 to June 14, 1941
Columbia Broadcasting System
Sponsor: Magazine Repeating Razor Company
Day and Time: Saturday, 8:30 to 8:55 p.m., EST
Music: John Kirby’s Orchestra
Announcer: John Reed King
Series Regulars: Shirley Booth and Eddie Green

Episode #1 -- Broadcast Saturday, March 1, 1941
Guest:
Col. Stoopnagle
Plot: Plot is described above.

Episode #2 -- Broadcast Saturday, March 8, 1941
Guest:
Deems Taylor
Plot: Still seeking musical night life for the tavern, in reference to Duffy’s request last week, Archie tries to figure out where he can hire musicians until Deems Taylor happens to drop-by. Taylor kindly invites Archie and Miss Duffy to be his hosts tomorrow at the Philharmonic. When Archie explains the tavern needs a little musical addition, Taylor gets them a calypso singer. John Kirby’s Orchestra performs “Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairies” during the intermission.

Memorable Lines
ARCHIE: Eddie… what is a calypso?
EDDIE: Why, er, that’s when the sun gets blotted out.
ARCHIE: Eddie, that’s an eclipso… you see that, Mr. Taylor, and he’s twice as smart as Duffy – and it’s three to one you didn’t know what a calypso was until you go on Information Please.

Episode #3 -- Broadcast Saturday, March 15, 1941
Guest:
Orson Welles
Plot: Discussions about the bard and Francis Bacon are discussed on account that Orson Welles is dropping by. Welles happens to be in New York City to do a play called Native Son, written by Richard Wright, which Welles and John Houseman were producing. Taking advantage of the opportunity, Archie tries to get Welles to participate as the feature attraction for the tavern’s St. Patrick’s Day pig roast since it’s the kind of job for a ham actor. Joan Edwards, who would later become a semi-regular on the program, is the musical guest and sings “Do I Worry?”

Memorable Lines
BOOTH: Mr. Welles, you’re my idea of the perfect Shakespeare actor. I will never forget you in that picture, “Romeo and Juliet.”
WELLES: I was never in the picture, “Romeo and Juliet.”
SHIRLEY: You see, Archie… it was Norma Shearer.

Memorable Lines
ARCHIE: Well, you’re lookin’ great. How’s things in the drama?
WELLES: Well, Archie. My theatrical activities have been somewhat curtailed since my Hollywood peregrination.
ARCHIE: Oh, well, of course that’s up to the individual.
WELLES: Well, naturally.
ARCHIE: So you were in Hollywood, hah? They keep you busy out there?
WELLES: Well, kind of.
ARCHIE: What were you doing?
WELLES: Same old thing – writing, directing, producing, and acting.
ARCHIE: Boy, you sound like a one-man Preston Sturges…

Episode #4 -- Broadcast Saturday, March 22, 1941
Guest:
Bill “Bojangles” Robinson
Plot: An income tax inspector arrives to look over the books while Archie attempts to lure Bill “Bojangles” Robinson to perform at Duffy’s under an exclusive contract. Distracted because of the audit, Archie ultimately makes an error. While entertaining a man in the tavern named Sherman, Archie is unaware that the new guest is a spy for the Stork Club, and without Archie being aware of it, Robinson signs an exclusive to the Club and promptly leaves for new pursuits. John Kirby and his Orchestra perform “Why Cry Baby?” and “Hot Time in the Old Town.”

Trivia, etc. The "spy" from the Stork Club named Sherman was in reference to Sherman Billingsley who owned the Stork Club. (Many thanks to Bob Burchett for pointing this out to me.)

Episode #5 -- Broadcast Saturday, March 29, 1941
Guests:
Hildegarde and Arthur Treacher
Plot: Treacher is billed as “Hollywood’s favorite screen butler” and steals the limelight from the entire radio cast in this script. Treacher goes from a gentleman’s gentleman to a bum’s bum when he is hired by Archie to become his assistant, who in turn also answers the phone for Archie. Treacher’s dreams of how to improve the tavern do not work, however, and Archie is forced to reduce the overhead. Hildegarde, who received top billing above Treacher in the opening of the broadcast, is constrained to a few lines of dialogue and singing “Sweet Petite.”

Episode #6 -- Broadcast Saturday, April 5, 1941
Guests:
Morton Downey and the Vox Pop Boys
Plot: Miss Duffy tries to convince the Vox Pop Boys (Parks Johnson and Wally Butterworth) to allow her to audition for their program, and she sings “You Walked By.” Morton Downey shows up and sings “Molly Malone.” Eddie gets mistaken as a contestant for the Vox Pop program. John Kirby and his Orchestra performs “Keep an Eye on Your Heart,” and “The Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairies,” the latter of which he performed in the first broadcast of the series.

Memorable Lines
WALLY: Well, the first question is: When waiting on table should you serve from the left or from the right?
EDDIE: Well, that depends on which side of the customer is closest to the kitchen.
WALLY: Sorry, Eddie, you should always serve from the left.
EDDIE: From the left, eh?
WALLY: Yes.
EDDIE: Well, personally, I ain’t superstitious.

Episode #7 -- Broadcast Saturday, April 12, 1941
Guest:
Arthur Murray
Plot: Dance expert Arthur Murray gives some of the tavern’s guests, including Miss Duffy, some dancing lessons and Larry Adler, the world-famous harmonica player (now appearing at the Roxy in New York City), performs three variations on a theme by Paganinni. Duffy, meanwhile, spends his time stuck in a phone booth at the tailor shop without any pants, and is unable to come to the tavern and meet Murray in person. Archie pays Francis McCabe five bucks for dancing lessons. In order for Sam the Tailor to accept Duffy’s check, he needs proof Duffy is who he says he is, so Archie has Adler perform a song live on the radio by request of “Sam the Tailor.”

Episode #8 -- Broadcast Saturday, April 19, 1941
Guest:
Colonel Stoopnagle
Plot: Archie thinks the tavern needs a hostesses to help bring customers in, so Archie hereby calls to order the Board of Directors of Duffy’s Tavern, Limited, (limited, of course) consisting of Archie, Eddie and Miss Duffy. Stoopnagle, making an idiot’s delight in assuming the tavern is no longer around, decides to buy a band and a bar and call it a tavern – Duffy’s Tavern – “what a name!” When Stoop discovers that there is already such a place, he decides to sue them for plagiarism. This is the first episode to make reference to Clancy, the Cop. Joan Edwards returns to sing another song.

Memorable Lines
ARCHIE: Oh, Colonel Stoopnagle… how are you?
STOOPNAGLE: Shhh, I’m traveling incognito.
ARCHIE: Incognito, huh?
STOOPNAGLE: Yes, I don’t want to know that I’ve bee here… Don’t refer to me by name.
ARCHIE: What’ll I call you?
STOOPNAGLE: Colonel Stoopnagle.
ARCHIE: I wish I were an idiot so I could enjoy this conversation.

Episode #9 -- Broadcast Saturday, April 26, 1941
Guest:
Tallulah Bankhead
Plot: Archie tries to teach Eddie the proper way to introduce a woman of Bankhead’s stature to the tavern, by adding class to the joint. Eddie even fixes up the table with wax bananas. Bankhead, however, won’t eat at the tavern when she learns that beer and pig knuckles are on the menu. Archie happens to be away for a moment when Bankhead arrives and when he returns, he mistakes her for a normal customer, and makes embarrassing remarks about the tavern while talking up the great Tallulah Bankhead – unaware she is standing in front of him the entire time. Bankhead closes the broadcast reciting a dramatic poem, “Abe Lincoln Walks at Midnight.” John Kirby’s orchestra performs “Arabian Nightmare.”

Trivia, etc. The poem Bankhead recites originated from Burton Egbert Stevenson’s The Home Book of Verse (1879).

Episode #10 -- Broadcast Saturday, May 3, 1941
Guest:
Hildegarde and Maxie Rosenbloom
Plot: When Maxie Rosenbloom stops by the tavern, he accidentally crushes Miss Duffy’s hand because of his strength. Hildegarde stops by and the prize fighter finds her “vivacious.” Because Archie is in love with the singer, he gets jealous and makes an attempt to woo her after referring to her as “Mademoiselle Hildegarde, from the Savoy Plaza - the chanteuse.” Hildegarde gives Archie a prompt rejection and proves to Archie, who was in disagreement with Rosenbloom, that a big handsome mass of muscle is what women really want.

Memorable Lines
BOOTH: Why did you give up fighting to go on the radio?
MAXIE: Well, all the time when I was a fighter, my ambition was to talk on the radio, but, at the end of every fight, they gave the other guy the microphone and he would say, “Hello, mom, I’ll be right home.”
BOOTH: Well, why didn’t you say hello mom, I’ll be right home, too?
ARCHIE: What, in his condition?

Episode #11 -- Broadcast Saturday, May 10, 1941
Guest:
Elsa Maxwell
Plot: To celebrate Duffy’s 25th anniversary, Archie hires Elsa Maxwell, social set worker, to give a party at the tavern. He attempts to impress Maxwell with suggestions on party games, but Miss Duffy insists on playing post office and spin the bottle. Duffy, meanwhile, is beaten with a baseball bat and unable to attend the tavern to celebrate. Jacques Fray and Mario Braggiotti, a famed piano duo who performed on radio as early as 1932, supplied musical entertainment using their two pianos.

Memorable Lines
ARCHIE: Oh, hello, Duffy. Congratulations on your twenty-fifth wedding. Mrs. Duffy kissed you how many times? No kiddin’, twenty-five?… Oh, with a baseball bat.

Episode #12 -- Broadcast Saturday, May 17, 1941
Guest:
Milton Berle
Plot: Comedian Milton Berle pays a visit to the tavern, having grown up in the neighborhood and hasn’t seen the place since he was a kid. He is shocked to see how the condition of the tavern has worn down. Archie attempts to convince Berle to emcee a floor show, suggesting it would improve the tavern’s clientele. When Duffy is disillusioned, Berle relents and performs comedy monolog.

Memorable Lines
ARCHIE: Say, Duffy, guess who’s coming here tonight? Milton Berle. That little noisy kid who used to hang around here all the time. Milton Berle… Duffy, remember the kid who used to buy joke books, memorize the jokes and then say he made them up himself?… Well, that’s Milton. Sure’s he’s been in Hollywood… yeah, done pretty good, too. Yeah, I know you always said he was a smart kid. Remember -- he was the only kid on the block who could explain the funny papers to you.

Trivia, etc. Orson Welles was scheduled make a return to the program for May 17 broadcast, but he took ill on the West Coast and was unable to fly to New York, so Milton Berle substituted.

Episode #13 -- Broadcast Saturday, May 24, 1941
Guest:
Paul Lukas
Plot: Paul Lukas, recent winner of the NY Drama Critics Award, stops by the tavern as a guest. Miss Duffy assumes Lukas won the Nobel prize. Archie proposes to singer Peg La Centra, after she performs “A Romantic Guy, I.” She is swept off her feet when she meets Paul Lukas and Archie’s chances drop to zero.

Episode #14 -- Broadcast Saturday, May 31, 1941
Guest:
James J. Walker
Plot: James J. Walker, former mayor of New York City, is an old friend of Duffy’s and stops by to check out the tavern and the people working hard behind the counter. Duffy apparently used to be an old election district captain and helped Walker get 600 votes in the district. Walker has ulterior motives, however, when he explains to Archie that he is here to help save the relationship between Duffy and his wife. Miss Duffy mistakes Walker as the new bartender and gives him tips on how not to overflow the glasses, and how they all have fake bottoms. This is the first appearance of Crudface and Dugan, Archie’s lawyers.

Memorable Lines
DUGAN: Don’t answer that, Archie.
CRUDFACE: I object.
ARCHIE: Objection sustained.
DUGAN: Hey Crudface, what’s that sustained?
CRUDEFACE: That’s a radio program without a sponsor.

Trivia, etc. To publicize this episode, CBS issued the following press release:
    It is going to cost the proprietors of the establishment something extra to entertain the former Mayor. The dapper Jimmy sent a wire to Ed Gardner, who plays Archie, the host of the joint, which read: “Just bought a new pair of shoes; be sure tou have new sawdust on the floor of Duffy’s place when I get there.”
    “Duffy will probably get sore, but what are you going to do when a guy goes to the expense of new shoes,” lamented Archie. “Besides, that sawdust ain’t been changed since repeal.”

Episode #15 -- Broadcast Saturday, June 7, 1941
Guest:
Ilka Chase
Plot: Ilka Chase, actress and novelist, pays a visit to the tavern. Archie wants her to do for the tavern what she did at the Waldorf, and suggests calling the new radio program “Dinner at Duffy’s.” Such a stunt might keep the tavern open over the summer, but when the question of salary comes along, she says no dice. Chase adds: “Is this to be Dinner at Duffy’s or Supper at Sing Sing?” Chase leaves when the food is too rich at the tavern, having heard Archie explain what they serve, claiming she’s going back to the Waldorf for some good old-fashioned corned beef and cabbage.

Trivia, etc. In the beginning of this episode, Archie makes a mention that next week is the last night for Duffy’s Tavern, because Duffy plans to close the tavern for the summer. Chase’s former program, which was broadcast in the afternoon time slot, concluded just a couple weeks before her appearance on Duffy’s Tavern.

Episode #16 -- Broadcast Saturday, June 14, 1941
Guest:
Miss June Nevin
Plot: Miss June Nevin of the Moore-McCormack Steamship Lines, the one that hires entertainers and bands for the boats that go to South America, is guest in this episode and when Archie finds out who is planning to pay a visit, not only does this prompt a Carmen Miranda joke, but he attempts to get Eddie Green “the singing waiter” to get booked for the coming season. Crudface and Dugan, Archie’s lawyers, show up towards the end of the broadcast and create a fiasco that messes up the entire affair.

Trivia, etc. At the conclusion of this episode, the announcer informs the radio audience that Duffy’s Tavern will return in the middle of September and to pay attention to local newspaper listings for details.

Shameless plug... I am finishing my book about Duffy's Tavern, which has been in the works for about ten years. Only thing holding me up is contacting a certain individual in the Midwest has what I know will fill in the remaining gaps I need to complete the manuscript. The book is contracted through Bear Manor Media and due for a 2012 release.

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